The four 'vaccines' (in reality, they're gene therapies) currently being mass produced and used in the field to 'treat' the Covid-19 virus use neither of the well established methods described in Part 6. Research has been done - and is continuing to be done - in the following four areas:

• 1. The whole virus (using live attenuated/weakened viruses - dangerous for those with weak immune systems requiring careful cold storage - and inactivated viruses which sometimes also require cold storage);

• 2. A protein subunit of the virus (a piece of the pathogen used to trigger an immune response, but requires adjuvants to boost the immune response - e.g. hepatitis B vaccine);

• 3. Nucleic material aka 'gene therapy #1' (using RNA or DNA taken from the virus and to get the human body to manufacture its own Covid-19 viral spike protein to serve as an antigen to provoke an immune response. Its advantage is that it is cheap and easy to manufacture; one downside is that RNA vaccines have to be kept at ultra-low temperatures (-70°C) and another is that this is a new technology that has not properly been tested on animals, something that requires many years to make sure it is safe. Instead human guinea pigs have been used with both lethal and injurious side-effects. In spite of this, mRNA vaccines have been licenced on an 'emergency' basis. The casualty types and numbers have been horrendous; and

• 4. Viral vector aka 'gene therapy #2' (by giving cells genetic instructions to produce antigens, differing only from the Nucleic Acid type of 'vaccine' in that they use a harmless virus, different from the one the 'vaccine' is targeting, to deliver those instructions to the cell. One commonly used as a vector is the adenovirus which causes the common cold. As with the Nucleic Acid type, the human cellular machinery is hijacked to produce the antigen to trigger an immune response. A problem is that many humans who have already been exposed to viruses being used as vectors may be immune to it).