"The word Christian is not a valid word, for there is no
religion of Christianity according to Islam". www.answering-christianity.com
Today we increasingly hear and read that Christianity and
Islam 'share' Jesus, that he belongs to both religions. So also with Abraham:
there is talk of the West's 'Abrahamic civilization' where once people spoke
of 'Judeo-Christian civilization'. This shift of thinking reflects the growing
influence of Islam.
These notes offer some information and reflections on the
'Muslim Jesus', to help put this trend in its proper context.
References in brackets are to the Qur'an. Numbering systems
for the Qur'anic verses are not standardized: be prepared to search through
nearby verses for the right one.
Islam the primordial faith
Islam regards itself, not as a subsequent faith to Judaism
and Christianity, but as the primordial religion, the faith from which Judaism
and Christianity are subsequent developments. In the Qur'an we read that
Abraham 'was not a Jew nor a Christian, but he was a monotheist, a Muslim' (Al
'Imran 3:66). So it is Muslims, and not Christians or Jews, who are the true
representatives of the faith of Abraham to the world today. (Al-Baqarah
2:135)
The Biblical prophets were all Muslims
Many prophets of the past received the one religion of Islam.
(Ash-Shura 42:13) Who were these previous prophets? According to Al-An'am
6:85-87 they include Ibrahim (Abraham), 'Ishaq (Issac), Yaqub (Jacob), Nuh
(Noah), Dawud (David), Sulaiman (Solomon), Ayyub (Job), Yusuf (Joseph), Musa
(Moses), Harun (Aaron), Zakariyya (Zachariah), Yahya (John the Baptist), 'Isa
(Jesus), Ilyas, Ishmael, Al-Yash'a (Elisha), Yunus (Jonah) and Lut (Lot).
The Muslim 'Isa (Jesus)
There are two main sources for 'Isa, the Muslim Jesus. The
Qur'an gives a history of his life, whilst the Hadith collections --
recollections of Muhammad's words and deeds -- establish his place in the
Muslim understanding of the future.
The Qur'an
'Isa, was a prophet of Islam
Jesus' true name, according to the Qur'an, was 'Isa. His
message was pure Islam, surrender to Allah. (Al 'Imran 3:84) Like all the
Muslim prophets before him, and like Muhammad after him, 'Isa was a lawgiver,
and Christians should submit to his law. (Al 'Imran 3:50; Al-Ma'idah 5:48)
'Isa's original disciples were also true Muslims, for they said 'We believe.
Bear witness that we have surrendered. We are Muslims.' (Al-Ma'idah 5:111)
'The Books'
Like other messengers of Islam before him, 'Isa received his
revelation of Islam in the form of a book. (Al-An'am 6:90) 'Isa's book is
called the Injil or 'gospel'. (Al-Ma'idah 5:46) The Torah was Moses' book, and
the Zabur (Psalms) were David's book. So Jews and Christians are 'people of
the Book'. The one religion revealed in these books was Islam. (Al 'Imran
3:18)
As with previous prophets, 'Isa's revelation verified
previous prophets' revelations. (Al 'Imran 3:49,84; Al-Ma'idah 5:46; As-Saff
61:6) Muhammad himself verified all previous revelations, including the
revelation to 'Isa (An-Nisa' 4:47), and so Muslims must believe in the
revelation which 'Isa received. (Al-Baqarah 2:136) However, after 'Isa the
Injil was lost in its original form. Today the Qur'an is the only sure guide
to 'Isa's teaching.
The biography of 'Isa
According to the Qur'an, 'Isa was the Messiah. He was
supported by the 'Holy Spirit'. (Al-Baqarah 2:87; Al-Ma'idah 5:110) He is also
referred to as the 'Word of Allah'. (An-Nisa' 4:171)
'Isa's mother Mariam was the daughter of 'Imran, (Al 'Imran
3:34,35) — cf the Amram of Exodus 6:20 — and the sister of Aaron (and Moses).
(Maryam 19:28) She was fostered by Zachariah (father of John the Baptist). (Al
'Imran 3:36) While still a virgin (Al-An'am 6:12; Maryam 19:19-21) Mariam gave
birth to 'Isa alone in a desolate place under a date palm tree. (Maryam
19:22ff) (Not in Bethlehem).
'Isa spoke whilst still a baby in his cradle. (Al 'Imran
3:46; Al-Ma'idah 5:110; Maryam 19:30) He performed various other miracles,
including breathing life into clay birds, healing the blind and lepers, and
raising the dead. (Al 'Imran 3:49; Al-Ma'idah 5:111) He also foretold the
coming of Muhammad. (As-Saff 61:6)
'Isa did not die on a cross
Christians and Jews have corrupted their scriptures. (Al
'Imran 3:74-77, 113) Although Christians believe 'Isa died on a cross, and
Jews claim they killed him, in reality he was not killed or crucified, and
those who said he was crucified lied (An-Nisa' 4:157). 'Isa did not die, but
ascended to Allah. (An-Nisa' 4:158) On the day of Resurrection 'Isa himself
will be a witness against Jews and Christians for believing in his death.
(An-Nisa' 4:159)
Christians should accept Islam, and all true Christians will
Christians (and Jews) could not be freed from their ignorance
until Muhammad came bringing the Qur'an as clear evidence (Al-Bayyinah 98:1).
Muhammad was Allah's gift to Christians to correct misunderstandings. They
should accept Muhammad as Allah's Messenger, and the Qur'an as his final
revelation. (Al-Ma'idah 5:15; Al-Hadid 57:28; An-Nisa' 4:47)
Some Christians and Jews are faithful and believe truly. (Al
'Imran 3:113,114) Any such true believers will submit to Allah by accepting
Muhammad as the prophet of Islam, i.e. they will become Muslims. (Al ''Imran
3:198)
Although Jews and pagans will have the greatest enmity
against Muslims, it is the Christians who will be 'nearest in love to the
believers', i.e. to Muslims. (Al-Ma'idah 5:82) True Christians will not love
Muhammad's enemies. (Al-Mujadilah 58:22) In other words, anyone who opposes
Muhammad is not a true Christian.
Christians who accept Islam or refuse it
Some Jews and Christians are true believers, accepting Islam:
most are transgressors. (Al 'Imran 3:109)
Many monks and rabbis are greedy for wealth and prevent
people from coming to Allah. (At-Taubah 9:34,35)
Christians and Jews who disbelieve in Muhammad will go to
hell. (Al-Bayyinah 98:6)
Muslims should not take Christians or Jews for friends.
(Al-Ma'idah 5:51) They must fight against Christians and Jews who refuse Islam
until they surrender, pay the poll-tax and are humiliated. (At-Taubah 9:29) To
this may be added hundreds of Qur'anic verses on the subject of jihad in the
path of Allah, as well as the 'Book of Jihad' found in all Hadith
collections.
Christian beliefs
Christians are commanded not to believe that 'Isa is the son
of God: 'It is far removed from his transcendent majesty that he should have a
son'- (An-Nisa' 4:171; Al-Furqan 25:2) 'Isa was simply a created human being,
and a slave of Allah. (An-Nisa' 4:172; Al 'Imran 3:59)
Christians are claimed by the Qur'an to believe in a family
of gods -- Father God, mother Mary and 'Isa the son -- but 'Isa
rejected this teaching. (Al-Ma'idah 5:116) The doctrine of the Trinity is
disbelief and a painful doom awaits those who believe it. (Al-Ma'idah
5:73)
'Isa (Jesus) in the Hadith
'Isa the destroyer of Christianity
The prophet 'Isa will have an important role in the end
times, establishing Islam and making war until he destroys all religions save
Islam. He shall kill the Evil One (Dajjal), an apocalyptic anti-Christ
figure.
In one tradition of Muhammad we read that no further prophets
will come to earth until 'Isa returns as 'a man of medium height, or reddish
complexion, wearing two light garments, looking as if drops were falling down
from his head although it will not be wet. He will fight for the cause of
Islam. He will break the cross, kill pigs, and abolish the poll-tax. Allah
will destroy all religions except Islam. He ('Isa) will destroy the Evil One
and will live on the earth for forty years and then he will die'. (Sunan Abu
Dawud, 37:4310) The Sahih Muslim has a variant of this tradition: 'The son of
Mary ... will soon descend among you as a just judge. He will ... abolish the
poll-tax, and the wealth will pour forth to such an extent that no one will
accept charitable gifts.' (Sahih Muslim 287)
What do these sayings mean? The cross is a symbol of
Christianity. Breaking crosses means abolishing Christianity. Pigs are
associated with Christians. Killing them is another way of speaking of the
destruction of Christianity. Under Islamic law the poll-tax buys the
protection of the lives and property of conquered 'people of the Book'.
(At-Taubah 9:29) The abolition of the poll-tax means jihad is restarted
against Christians (and Jews) living under Islam, who should convert to Islam,
or else be killed or enslaved. The abundance of wealth refers to booty flowing
to the Muslims from this conquest. This is what the Muslim 'Isa will do when
he returns in the last days.
Muslim jurists confirm these interpretations: consider, for
example, the ruling of Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri (d. 1368).
"...the time and the place for [the poll tax] is before the
final descent of Jesus (upon whom be peace). After his final coming, nothing
but Islam will be accepted from them, for taking the poll tax is only
effective until Jesus' descent (upon him and our Prophet be peace) ..."
(The Reliance of the Traveller. Trans. Nuh Ha Mim Keller, p. 603).
Ibn Naqib goes on to state that when Jesus returns, he will
rule 'as a follower' of Muhammad.
Critical Comments on the Muslim 'Isa (Jesus)
'Isa not an historical figure
The Qur'an's 'Isa is not an historical figure. His identity
and role as a prophet of Islam is based solely on supposed revelations to
Muhammad over half a millennium after the Jesus of history lived and died.
Jesus''name was never 'Isa
Jesus' mother tongue was Aramaic. In his own lifetime he was
called Yeshua in Aramaic, and Jesu in Greek. This is like
calling the same person John when speaking English and Jean when speaking
French: Jesu, pronounced "Yesoo", is the Greek form of Aramaic
Yeshua. (The final -s in Jesu-s is a Greek grammatical ending.)
Yeshua is itself a form of Hebrew Yehoshua'' which means 'the
Lord is salvation'. However Yehoshua' is normally given in English as
Joshua. So Joshua and Jesus are variants of the same name.
It is interesting that Jesus' name Yehoshua' contains
within it the proper Hebrew name for God, the first syllable Yeh- being
short for YHWH 'the LORD'.
Yeshua of Nazareth was never called 'Isa, the name the
Qur'an gives to him. Arab-speaking Christians refer to Jesus as Yasou''
(from Yeshua) not 'Isa.
Jesus did not receive a 'book'
According to the Qur'an, the 'book' revealed to 'Isa was the
Injil. The word Injil is a corrupted form of the Greek
euanggelion, 'good news' or gospel. What was this
euanggelion? This was just how Jesus referred to his message: as good
news. The expression euanggelion did not refer to a fixed revealed
text, and there is absolutely no evidence that Jesus received a 'book' of
revelation from God.
The 'gospels' of the Bible are biographies
The term euanggelion later came to be used as a title
for the four biographies of Jesus written by Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, the
'gospels'. This was a secondary development of meaning. Apparently this is
where Muhammad got his mistaken idea of the Injil being a 'book'.
Most so-called prophets of Islam received no book
Virtually all of the so-called 'prophets' of Islam, whose
names are taken from the Hebrew scriptures, received no 'book' or law code.
For example, the Psalms are not a book revealing Islam, as the Qur'an claims,
but a collection of songs of worship, only some of which are David's. There is
not a shred of evidence in the Biblical history of David that he received a
book of laws for the Israelites. They already had the Torah of Moses to
follow. So David was not a prophet in the Qur'an's sense of this word.
Likewise most of the prophets claimed by Islam were neither lawgivers nor
rulers.
Biblical prophecy and Islamic prophecy are not the same thing
The Biblical understanding of prophecy is quite different
from Muhammad's. A Biblical prophecy is not regarded as a passage from a
heavenly eternally pre-existent text like the Qur'an, but a message from God
for a specific time and place. A biblical prophet is someone to whom God
reveals hidden things, and who then acts as God's verbal agent. When a
Samaritan woman called Jesus a prophet (John 4:19) it was because he had
spoken about things in her life that he could only have known supernaturally.
Christianity teaches that Jesus was a prophet, but he brought no 'book': he
himself was the living 'Word of God', a title used of 'Isa in the Qur'an.
By no means all prophecies referred to in the Bible became
part of the Biblical text. The Bible consists of a wide variety of materials
originally written for many different purposes, including letters, songs, love
poetry, historical narratives, legal texts, proverbial wisdom as well as
prophetic passages. These are regarded as inspired by God, but not dictated
from a timeless heavenly book.
As prophetic history, the Qur''n contains many errors and
anachronisms
The claim that Jesus was not executed by crucifixion is
without any historical support. One of the things that all the early sources
agree on is Jesus' crucifixion.
Mariam the mother of 'Isa is called a sister of Aaron, and
also the daughter of Aaron's father 'Imran (Hebr. Amram). Clearly Muhammad has
confused Mary (Hebr. Miriam) with Miriam of the Exodus. The two lived more
than a thousand years apart!
In the Bible Haman is the minister of Ahasuerus in Media and
Persia (The Book of Esther 3:1-2). Yet the Qur'an places him over a thousand
years earlier, as a minister of Pharoah in Egypt.
The claim that Christians believe in three Gods --
Father, son Jesus and mother Mary -- is mistaken. The Qur'an is also
mistaken to claim that Jews say Ezra was a son of God. (At-Taubah 9:30) The
charge of polytheism against Christianity and Judaism is ill-informed and
false. (Deuteronomy 6:4, James 2:19a)
The story of the 'two horned one' (Al-Kahf 18:82 cf also
Daniel 8:3, 20-21) is derived from the Romance of Alexander. Certainly
Alexander the Great was no Muslim.
The problem with the name 'Isa has already been discussed.
Other Biblical names are also misunderstood in the Qur'an, and their meanings
lost. For example Elisha, which means 'God is salvation', is given in the
Qur'an as al-Yash'a, turning El 'God' into al- 'the'.
(Islamic tradition did the same to Alexander the Great, calling him
al-Iskandar 'the Iskander'). Abraham 'Father of many' (cf Genesis 17:5)
might have been better represented as something-like Aburahim 'father
of mercy' instead of Ibrahim, which has no meaning in Arabic at all.
The Qur'an has a Samaritan making the golden calf, which was
worshipped by the Israelites in the wilderness (Ta Ha 20:85) during the
Exodus. In fact it was Aaron (Exodus 34:1-6). The Samaritans did not exist
until several centuries later. They were descendants of the northern
Israelites centuries after the Exodus.
Many Qur'anic stories can be traced to Jewish and Christian
folktales and other apocryphal literature. For example a story of Abraham
destroying idols (As-Saffat 37) is found in a Jewish folktale, the Midrash
Rabbah. The Qur'anic story of Zachariah, father of John the Baptist, is based
upon a second-century Christian fable. The story of Jesus being born under a
palm tree is also based on a late fable, as is the story of Jesus making clay
birds come alive. Everything the Qur'an says about the life of Jesus which is
not found in the Bible can be traced to fables composed more than a hundred
years after Jesus' death.
Jesus' titles of Messiah and Word of God, which the Qur'an
uses, find no explanation in the Qur'an. Yet in the Bible, from which they are
taken, these titles are well integrated in a whole theological system.
The Qur'an mentions the Holy Spirit in connection with Jesus,
using phrases which come from the gospels. Ibn Ishaq (Life of Muhammad)
reports Muhammad as saying that this 'Spirit' was the angel Gabriel (cf also
An-Nahl 16:102, Al-Baqarah 2:97). However the Biblical phrase 'Spirit of God'
(Ruach Elohim) or 'Holy Spirit' can only be understood in light of the Hebrew
scriptures. It certainly does not refer to an angel.
Jesus' alleged foretelling of Muhammad's coming (As-Saff
61:6) appears to be based on a garbled reading of John 14:26, a passage which
in fact refers to the Spirit.
The Hebrew scriptures were Jesus' Bible. He affirmed their
authority and reliability and preached from them. From these same scriptures
he knew God as Adonai Elohim, the Lord God of Israel. He did not call
God Allah, which appears to have been the name or title of a pagan
Arabian deity worshipped in Mecca before Muhammad. Muhammad's pagan father,
who died before Muhammad was born, already bore the name 'Abd Allah
'slave of Allah', and his uncle was called Obeid Allah.
We read that An-Najm 53:19-23 seeks to refute the pagan Arab
belief that Allah had daughters named al-Uzza, al-Ilat and Manat. (See also
An-Nahl 16:57 and Al-An'am 6:100).
The Biblical narratives are rich with historical details,
many confirmed by archaeology. They cover more than a thousand years, and
reveal a long process of technological and cultural development. In contrast
the Qur'an's sacred history is devoid of archaeological support. Its
fragmentary and disjointed stories offer no authentic reflection of historical
cultures. No place name from ancient Israel is mentioned, not even Jerusalem.
Many of the supposed historical events reported in the Qur'an have no
independent verification. For example we are told that Abraham and Ishmael
built the Kaaba in Mecca (Al-Baqarah 2:127), but this is totally without
support. The Biblical account, more than a thousand years older, does not
place Abraham anywhere near Arabia.
The Qur''n is not a credible source for Biblical history
The Qur'an, written in the 7th century AD, cannot be regarded
as having any authority whatsoever to inform us about Jesus of Nazareth. It
offers no evidence for its claims about biblical history. Its numerous
historical errors reflect a garbled understanding of the Bible.
Islam appropriates the history of Judaism and Christianity to
itself
When Muhammad linked the name of Allah to the
religious histories of Judaism and Christianity, this was a way to claim them
for Islam. In the light of later events, the claim that Islam was the original
religion, and that all preceding prophets were Muslims, can be regarded as an
attempt to appropriate the histories of other religions for Islam. The effect
is to rob Christianity and Judaism of their own histories.
Consider that many Biblical sites, such as the tombs of the
Hebrew Patriarchs and the Temple Mount, are claimed by Islam as Muslim sites,
not Jewish or Christian ones. After all, the Qur'an tells us that Abraham 'was
a Muslim'. Under Islamic rule all Jews and Christians were banned from such
sites.
The place of the Jewish scriptures in Christianity is completely
different from the place of the Bible in Islam
There is a fundamental difference between Christian attitudes
to the Jewish scriptures and Islamic attitudes to the Bible. Christians accept
the Hebrew scriptures. They were the scriptures of Jesus and the apostles.
They were the scriptures of the early church. The whole of Christian belief
and practice rests upon them. Core Christian concepts such as 'Messiah' (Greek
'Christos'), 'Spirit of God', 'Kingdom of God' and 'salvation' are deeply
rooted in the Hebrew Biblical traditions.
We note also that Christian seminaries devote considerable
effort to studying the Hebrew scriptures. This is an integral part of training
for Christian ministry. The Hebrew scriptures are read (in translation) every
Sunday in many churches all around the world.
In contrast Islam's treatment of the Bible is one of complete
disregard. Although it purports to 'verify' all earlier prophetic revelation,
the Qur'an is oblivious to the real contents of the Bible. The claim that
Christians and Jews deliberately corrupted their scriptures is made without
evidence, and this only serves to cover up the Qur'an's historical
inadequacies. Muslim scholars rarely have an informed understanding of the
Bible or of biblical theology and so remain ignorant of these realities.
Some contemporary Muslim voices on Jesus
Yasser Arafat, addressing a press conference at the United
Nations in 1983 called Jesus "the first Palestinian fedayeen who carried his
sword" (i.e. he was a freedom fighter for Islam).
Sheikh Ibrahim Madhi, employee of the Palestinian Authority,
broadcast live in April 2002 on Palestinian Authority television: "The Jews
await the false Jewish messiah, while we await, with Allah's help... Jesus,
peace be upon him. Jesus's pure hands will murder the false Jewish messiah.
Where? In the city of Lod, in Palestine."
Author Shamim A. Siddiqi of Flushing, New York put the
classical position of Islam towards Christianity clearly in a recent letter to
Daniel Pipes, New York Post columnist:
"Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad were all prophets of
Islam. Islam is the common heritage of the Judeo-Christian-Muslim community
of America, and establishing the Kingdom of God is the joint responsibility
of all three Abrahamic faiths. Islam was the din (faith, way of life) of
both Jews and Christians, who later lost it through human innovations. Now
the Muslims want to remind their Jewish and Christian brothers and sisters
of their original din [religion]. These are the facts of
history."
This historical negationism -- appearing to affirm
Christianity and Judaism whilst in fact rejecting and supplanting them --
is a lynchpin of Muslim apologetics. What is being affirmed is in fact neither
Christianity nor Judaism, but Jesus as a prophet of Islam, Moses as a Muslim
etc. This is intended to lead to 'reversion' of Christians and Jews to Islam,
which is what Siddiqi refers to when he speaks of 'the joint responsibility'
of Jews and Christians to establish 'the Kingdom of God'. By this he means
that American Christians and Jews should work to establish shari'ah law and
the rule of Islam in the United States.
Conclusion
'Isa (Jesus) of the Qur'an is a product of fable, imagination
and ignorance. When Muslims venerate this 'Isa, they have someone different in
mind from the Yeshua or Jesus of the Bible and of history. The 'Isa of the
Qur'an is based on no recognized form of historical evidence, but on fables
current in seventh century Arabia.
For most faithful Muslims 'Isa is the only Jesus they know.
But if one accepts this Muslim 'Jesus', then one also accepts the Qur'an: one
accepts Islam. Belief in this 'Isa is won at the cost of the libel that Jews
and Christians have corrupted their scriptures, a charge that is without
historical support. Belief in this 'Isa implies that much of Christian and
Jewish history is in fact Islamic history.
The Jesus of the gospels is the base upon which Christianity
developed. By Islamicizing him, and making of him a Muslim prophet who
preached the Qur'an, Islam destroys Christianity and takes over all its
history. It does the same to Judaism.
In the end times as described by Muhammad, 'Isa becomes a
warrior who will return with his sword and lance. He will destroy the
Christian religion and make Islam the only religion in all the world. Finally
at the last judgement he will condemn Christians to hell for believing in the
crucifixion and the incarnation.
This final act of the Muslim 'Isa reflects Islam's apologetic
strategy in relation to Christianity, which is to deny the Yeshua of history,
and replace him with a facsimile of Muhammad, so that nothing remains but
Islam.
"The Muslim supersessionist current claims that the whole
biblical history of Israel and Christianity is Islamic history, that all the
Prophets, Kings of Israel and Judea, and Jesus were Muslims. That the People
of the Book should dare to challenge this statement is intolerable arrogance
for an Islamic theologian. Jews and Christians are thus deprived of their
Holy Scriptures and of their salvific value."
--Bat Ye'or in Islam and Dhimmitude: where civilizations
collide, p.370.
APPENDIX: The historical evidence for Jesus
(Yeshua)
of Nazareth and his death by crucifixion
Non-Christian sources for Jesus
• Tacitus (AD 55-120), a renowned historical of ancient Rome,
wrote in the latter half of the first century that 'Christus ... was put to
death by Pontius Pilate, procurator of Judea in the reign of Tiberius: but the
pernicious superstition, repressed for a time, broke out again, not only
through Judea, where the mischief originated, but through the city of Rome
also.' (Annals 15: 44).
• Suetonius writing around AD 120 tells of disturbances of
the Jews at the 'instigation of Chrestus', during the time of the emperor
Claudius. This could refer to Jesus, and appears to relate to the events of
Acts 18:2, which took place in AD 49.
• Thallus, a secular historian writing perhaps around AD 52
refers to the death of Jesus in a discussion of the darkness over the land
after his death. The original is lost, but Thallus' arguments --
explaining what happened as a solar eclipse -- are referred to by Julius
Africanus in the early 3rd century.
• Mara Bar-Serapion, a Syrian writing after the destruction
of the Temple in AD 70, mentions the earlier execution of Jesus, whom he calls
a 'King'.
• The Babylonian Talmud refers to the crucifixion (calling it
a hanging) of Jesus the Nazarene on the eve of the Passover. In the Talmud
Jesus is also called the illegitimate son of Mary.
• The Jewish historian Josephus describes Jesus' crucifixion
under Pilate in his Antiquities, written about AD 93/94. Josephus also refers
to James the brother of Jesus and his execution during the time of Ananus (or
Annas) the high priest.
Paul's Epistles
• Paul's epistles were written in the interval 20-30 years
after Jesus' death. They are valuable historical documents, not least because
they contain credal confessions which undoubtedly date to the first few
decades of the Christian community.
Paul became a believer in Jesus within a few years of Jesus'
crucifixion. He writes in his first letter to the Corinthians 'For I delivered
to you first of all that which I also received: that Christ died for our sins
according to the Scriptures, and that He was buried, and that He rose again on
the third day according to the Scriptures, and that he was seen by Cephas
(Peter), then by the twelve.' This makes clear that belief in the death of
Jesus was there from the beginning of Christianity.
The four gospels
• The four gospels were written down in the period 20-60
years after Jesus' death, within living memory of the events they
describe.
The events which the gospels describe for the most part took
place in the full light of public scrutiny. Jesus' teaching was followed by
large crowds. There were very many witnesses to the events of his life. His
death was a public execution.
Manuscript evidence for the Bible and its transmission
The manuscript evidence for the Greek scriptures is
overwhelming, far greater than for all other ancient texts. Over 20,000
manuscripts attest to them. Whilst there are copying errors, as might be
expected from the hand of copyists, these are almost all comparatively minor
and the basic integrity of the copying process is richly supported.
Futhermore, when Western Christians studies the Hebrew
scriptures during the Renaissance, they found them to agree remarkably closely
with their Greek and Latin translations which had been copied again and again
over a thousand years. There were copying errors, and some other minor
changes, but no significant fabrications of the stupendous scale which would
be required to concoct the story of Jesus' death.
Likewise when the Dead Sea Scrolls were discovered they
included Hebrew Biblical scrolls dating from before the time of Jesus. These
too agreed very closely with the oldest Hebrew Masoretic manuscripts of more
than a thousand years later. Again, no fabrications, but evidence of
remarkably faithful copying.
Conclusion: Jesus of Nazareth is a figure of history
Clearly there are events recorded in connection with Jesus'
life that many non-Christians will not accept, such as the miracles, the
virgin birth, and the resurrection. However what is beyond dispute is that
Yeshua ('Jesus') of Nazareth was a figure of history, who lived, attracted a
following in his life time amongst his fellow Jews and was executed by
crucifixion by the Roman authorities, after which his followers spread
rapidly. Both secular and Christian sources of the period agree on this.
The primary sources for the history of Jesus' public life are
the gospels. These were written down relatively soon after his death — within
living memory — and we have every indication that these sources were accepted
as reliable in the early Christian community, during a period when first and
second hand witnesses to Jesus' life were still available.
We conclude that any statements about 'Isa (Jesus) in the
Qur'an, made six centuries after Jesus' death, must be judged against the
historical evidence from these first century sources, and not vice versa.
Some useful discussions of these issues are found at:
http://www.debate.org.uk/topics/theo/islam_christ.html
http://www.debate.org.uk/topics/theo/qur-jes.htm
http://www.answering-islam.org/Intro/replacing.html
Further reading: The Jesus I never knew, by Philip Yancey.
To contact the author: markd@shack.org.au
The author of these notes is an Anglican Minister at St Hilary's
Anglican Church Kew. He is also a senior associate of the Department of
Linguistics and Applied Linguistics at the University of Melbourne, with the
honorary title of Associate Professor, and was formerly head of the Department
of Linguistics and Language Studies. He has written several books on the
language and culture of the Acehnese, an Islamic people of Indonesia, and was
elected to the Australian Academy of Humanities in 1992 for this research
work. He served as a member of the Council of the Academy for a term during
the 1990's.
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